Traditionally, this procedure, a cranioplasty, required surgeons to tailor polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) bone cement implants to the patient’s skull using silicone moulds. But these moulds often have poor aesthetic results, long production times and high costs. Additionally, the operation would be lengthy and the final outcome was not guaranteed.
This patient, and many others, have benefitted from the additive technology of 3D printing. Since 2013, faculty at the University of Zagreb’s Centre for Additive Technologies (CATeh), have experimented with various 3D printed materials for medical purposes.
3D printers have allowed CATeh to expand its knowledge and research in the field of medicine. “The Stratasys Objet350 Connex3™ multi-material technology has enabled better, faster and cheaper production of PMMA implants for cranioplasties, tailored specifically to the patient from a 3D printed mould,” said Professor Mladen Sercer, head of Chair of Polymer Processing at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb.
Cranial surgeries such as this woman’s, require high precision and accuracy of the implant as well as compactness of the material in order to ensure successful sterilization of the mould. 3D prototyping models enable the hospital to remove any faults in the mould design in the early phases, before surgery.
“3D printing enables faster product development and easier communication with patients. This aids in early detection of faults and problems which makes the whole process faster and more economical,” said Sercer. The first step is converting a patient’s CT scan into a virtual 3D image. This prototype is 3D printed to check for an exact fit of the implant by measuring it against the bone cavity in the patient’s skull. Only once the exact measurements are confirmed is the mould filled with a low-viscosity PMMA, or bone cement, to create the actual prosthesis.
3D printing technology has also solved another production challenge in prosthetic moulds. The exothermic, or heat-generating properties of the polymerization stage in the cooling process of the bone cement, can make it difficult to find a material that can be easily separated from the mould. “Traditional research methods in polymer processing would not be able to achieve the results we achieve with the 3D printed mould,” said Miodrag Katalenic, Chair of Polymer Processing at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb.
The university continues to push the boundaries of implementing additive technologies. To date, 13 surgeries have been done using 3D printing technology. In addition to cranioplasties, the university hospital has also performed reconstruction of the vertebrae and half of the jaw.
“Additive technology gives bone cement (PMMA), a proven material, a new life and greater application because with 3D printing it is now possible to easily and accurately create the complex shapes required for custom implants,” said Katalenic. How was the outcome of the 23-year old cranioplasty patient? “The patient is very pleased with the results of her operation,” said Sercer.
CATeh was founded with the goal of becoming the leading regional centre for research, development and implementation of additive technologies connecting science and industry. The university now offers an elective course, “Modern Additive Manufacturing,” in an effort to ready students across multiple disciplines in the technological possibilities of 3D printing.
